Psycho Essays (391 words) - English-language Films, Psycho

Psycho Ryan McLeod Comp Lit 271 Psycho Response Section AD Being the props/set designer for the parlor scene in Psycho was a very intriguing task. Originally, boring old Hitchcock wanted to put some stuffed birds in the Norman's parlor, but lucky for me, and the film, he was sick that day. I liked the idea of Bates being a taxidermist in his spare time, but I wanted to elaborate on that idea a bit more. Instead of putting just birds in the parlor, I decided to put pictures of embalmed bodies on the wall, stuffed ape heads, along with some feministic interior decorations. The reason for the photos of embalmed bodies is to give not only Marion a creepy feeling of what Norman is all about, but also the audience. We learn later in the film that he has embalmed his mother in the house so I thought that some pictures of acts such as this would be appropriate, especially for foreshadowing. The stuffed ape heads is my favorite idea of mine over Hitchcock's dumb birds idea because an ape head looks very similar to a human head. Again, this would give the scene a very creepy feeling and offer to the audience that Norman Bates is not your average Joe. Anyone who would participate, or maybe practice stuffing heads of apes that look similar to a human head shows to the audience that they are unusual and seem to enjoy to preserve creatures, or mothers for that matter. Overall, to make the scene much more interesting, I decorated the room with flowered wall paper, baskets filled with potpourri, and other little ?womanish? things such as flowers and antique plates and spoons. Ultimately, Bates put these things in the parlor while he was in his mother's state of mind, but the important thing is, is that the audience does not know he has two personalities and therefore would wonder why this man has stuffed ape heads, pictures of embalmed dead bodies that are curiously surrounded with ?Old Woman?-type wallpaper and decorations. Hitchcock was on to something with the birds idea, but I feel that my additions to mise-en-scene revolving arou nd the parlor scene fit the image of Norman Bates more accurately and will ultimately make the film more interesting and the foreshadowing will be that much better to the audience. Movies and Television

Accounting Standard 7 Essay Example

Accounting Standard 7 Essay Example Accounting Standard 7 Essay Accounting Standard 7 Essay Accounting Standard (AS) 7* (revised 2002) Construction Contracts (This Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold italic type and plain type, which have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold italic type indicate the main principles. This Accounting Standard should be read in the context of its objective and the Preface to the Statements of Accounting Standards 1 . Accounting Standard (AS) 7, Construction Contracts (revised 2002), issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, comes into effect in respect of all contracts entered into during accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-2003 and is mandatory in nature2 from that date. Accordingly, Accounting Standard (AS) 7, ‘Accounting for Construction Contracts’, issued by the Institute in December 1983, is not applicable in respect of such contracts. Early application of this Standard is, however, encouraged. The following is the text of the revised Accounting Standard. Objective The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment of revenue and costs associated with construction contracts. Because of the nature of the activity undertaken in construction contracts, the date at which the contract activity is entered into and the date when the activity is completed usually fall into different accounting periods. Therefore, the primary issue in accounting for construction contracts is the allocation of contract revenue and contract costs to the accounting periods in which construction work is * Originally issued in December 1983 and titled as ‘Accounting for Construction Contracts’. Attention is specifically drawn to paragraph 4. 3 of the Preface, according to which Accounting Standards are intended to apply only to items which are material. 1 Reference may be made to the section titled ‘Announcements of the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India’ appearing at the beginning of this Compendium for a detailed discussion on the implications of the mandatory status of an accounting standard. 2 110 AS 7 (revised 2002) performed. This Statement uses the recognition criteria established in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements to determine when contract revenue and contract costs should be recognised as revenue and expenses in the statement of profit and loss. It also provides practical guidance on the application of these criteria. Scope 1. This Statement should be applied in accounting for construction contracts in the financial statements of contractors. Definitions 2. The following terms are used in this Statement with the meanings specified: A construction contract is a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset or a combination of assets that are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use. A fixed price contract is a construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost escalation clauses. A cost plus contract is a construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus percentage of these costs or a fixed fee. 3. A construction contract may be negotiated for the construction of a single asset such as a bridge, building, dam, pipeline, road, ship or tunnel. A construction contract may also deal with the construction of a number of assets which are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use; examples of such contracts include those for the construction of refineries and other complex pieces of plant or equipment. 4. For the purposes of this Statement, construction contracts include: (a) contracts for the rendering of services which are directly related Construction Contracts 111 o the construction of the asset, for example, those for the services of project managers and architects; and (b) contracts for destruction or restoration of assets, and the restoration of the environment following the demolition of assets. 5. Construction contracts are formulated in a number of ways which, for the purposes of this Statement, are classified as fixed price contracts and cost plus contracts. Some construction contracts may contain characteristics of both a fixed price con tract and a cost plus contract, for example, in the case of a cost plus contract with an agreed maximum price. In such circumstances, a contractor needs to consider all the conditions in paragraphs 22 and 23 in order to determine when to recognise contract revenue and expenses. Combining and Segmenting Construction Contracts 6. The requirements of this Statement are usually applied separately to each construction contract. However, in certain circumstances, it is necessary to apply the Statement to the separately identifiable components of a single contract or to a group of contracts together in order to reflect the substance of a contract or a group of contracts. . When a contract covers a number of assets, the construction of each asset should be treated as a separate construction contract when: (a) separate proposals have been submitted for each asset; (b) each asset has been subject to separate negotiation and the contractor and customer have been able to accept or reject that part of the contract relating to each asset; and (c) the costs and revenues of each asset can be identified. 8. A group of contracts, whether with a single customer or with several customers, should be treated as a single construction contract when: (a) the group of contracts is negotiated as a single package; (b) the contracts are so closely interrelated that they are, in effect, part of a single project with an overall profit margin; and 112 AS 7 (revised 2002) (c) the contracts are performed concurrently or in a continuous sequence. 9. A contract may provide for the construction of an additional asset at the option of the customer or may be amended to include the construction of an additional asset. The construction of the additional asset should be treated as a separate construction contract when: (a) the asset differs significantly in design, technology or function from the asset or assets covered by the original contract; or (b) the price of the asset is negotiated without regard to the original contract price. Contract Revenue 10. Contract revenue3 should comprise: (a) the initial amount of revenue agreed in the contract; and (b) variations in contract work, claims and incentive payments: (i) to the extent that it is probable that they will result in revenue; and (ii) they are capable of being reliably measured. 1. Contract revenue is measured at the consideration received or receivable. The measurement of contract revenue is affected by a variety of uncertainties that depend on the outcome of future events. The estimates often need to be revised as events occur and uncertainties are resolved. Therefore, the amount of contract revenue may increase or decrease from one period to the next. For example: (a) a contractor and a customer may agree to variations or claims that increase or decrease contract revenue in a period subsequent to that in which the contract was initially agreed; b) the amount of revenue agreed in a fixed price contract may increase as a result of cost escalation clauses; (c) 3 the amount of contract revenue may decrease as a result of See also Accounting Standards Interpretation (ASI) 29 published elsewhere in this Compendium. Construction Contracts 113 penalties arising from delays caused by the contractor in the completion of the contract; or (d) when a fixed price contract involves a fixed price per unit of output, contract revenue increases as the number of units is increased. 2. A variation is an instruction by the customer for a change in the scope of the work to be performed under the contract. A variation may lead to an increase or a decrease in contract revenue. Examples of variations are changes in the specifications or des ign of the asset and changes in the duration of the contract. A variation is included in contract revenue when: (a) it is probable that the customer will approve the variation and the amount of revenue arising from the variation; and b) the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. 13. A claim is an amount that the contractor seeks to collect from the customer or another party as reimbursement for costs not included in the contract price. A claim may arise from, for example, customer caused delays, errors in specifications or design, and disputed variations in contract work. The measurement of the amounts of revenue arising from claims is subject to a high level of uncertainty and often depends on the outcome of negotiations. Therefore, claims are only included in contract revenue when: (a) negotiations have reached an advanced stage such that it is probable that the customer will accept the claim; and (b) the amount that it is probable will be accepted by the customer can be measured reliably. 14. Incentive payments are additional amounts payable to the contractor if specified performance standards are met or exceeded. For example, a contract may allow for an incentive payment to the contractor for early completion of the contract. Incentive payments are included in contract revenue when: (a) the contract is sufficiently advanced that it is probable that the specified performance standards will be met or exceeded; and (b) the amount of the incentive payment can be measured reliably. 114 AS 7 (revised 2002) Contract Costs 15. Contract costs should comprise: (a) costs that relate directly to the specific contract; (b) costs that are attributable to contract activity in general and can be allocated to the contract; and (c) such other costs as are specifically chargeable to the customer under the terms of the contract. 6. Costs that relate directly to a specific contract include: (a) site labour costs, including site supervision; (b) costs of materials used in construction; (c) depreciation of plant and equipment used on the contract; (d) costs of moving plant, equipment and materials to and from the contract site; (e) costs of hiring plant and equipment; (f) costs of design and technical assistance that is directl y related to the contract; the estimated costs of rectification and guarantee work, including expected warranty costs; and g) (h) claims from third parties. These costs may be reduced by any incidental income that is not included in contract revenue, for example income from the sale of surplus materials and the disposal of plant and equipment at the end of the contract. 17. Costs that may be attributable to contract activity in general and can be allocated to specific contracts include: (a) insurance; Construction Contracts 115 b) costs of design and technical assistance that is not directly related to a specific contract; and (c) construction overheads. Such costs are allocated using methods that are systematic and rational and are applied consistently to all costs having similar characteristics. The allocation is based on the normal level of construction activity. Construction overheads include costs such as the preparation and processing of construction personnel payroll. Costs that may be attributable to contract activity in general and can be allocated to specific contracts also include borrowing costs as per Accounting Standard (AS) 16, Borrowing Costs. 18. Costs that are specifically chargeable to the customer under the terms of the contract may include some general administration costs and development costs for which reimbursement is specified in the terms of the contract. 19. Costs that cannot be attributed to contract activity or cannot be allocated to a contract are excluded from the costs of a construction contract. Such costs include: (a) general administration costs for which reimbursement is not specified in the contract; (b) selling costs; (c) research and development costs for which reimbursement is not specified in the contract; and (d) depreciation of idle plant and equipment that is not used on a particular contract. 20. Contract costs include the costs attributable to a contract for the period from the date of securing the contract to the final completion of the contract. However, costs that relate directly to a contract and which are incurred in securing the contract are also included as part of the contract costs if they can be separately identified and measured reliably and it is probable that the contract will be obtained. When costs incurred in securing a contract are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred, they are not included in contract costs when the contract is obtained in a subsequent period. 116 AS 7 (revised 2002) Recognition of Contract Revenue and Expenses 21. When the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably, contract revenue and contract costs associated with the construction contract should be recognised as revenue and expenses respectively by reference to the stage of completion of the contract activity at the reporting date. An expected loss on the construction contract should be recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with paragraph 35. 22. In the case of a fixed price contract, the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably when all the following conditions are satisfied: (a) total contract revenue can be measured reliably; (b) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the enterprise; (c) both the contract costs to complete the contract and the stage of contract completion at the reporting date can be measured reliably; and (d) the contract costs attributable to the contract can be clearly identified and measured reliably so that actual contract costs incurred can be compared with prior estimates. 3. In the case of a cost plus contract, the outcome of a construction contract can be estimated reliably when all the following conditions are satisfied: (a) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the contract will flow to the enterprise; and (b) the contract costs attributable to the contract, whether or not specifically reimbursable, can be clear ly identified and measured reliably. 24. The recognition of revenue and expenses by reference to the stage of completion of a contract is often referred to as the percentage of completion method. Under this method, contract revenue is matched with the contract Construction Contracts 117 costs incurred in reaching the stage of completion, resulting in the reporting of revenue, expenses and profit which can be attributed to the proportion of work completed. This method provides useful information on the extent of contract activity and performance during a period. 25. Under the percentage of completion method, contract revenue is recognised as revenue in the statement of profit and loss in the accounting periods in which the work is performed. Contract costs are usually recognised as an expense in the statement of profit and loss in the accounting periods in which the work to which they relate is performed. However, any expected excess of total contract costs over total contract revenue for the contract is recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with paragraph 35. 26. A contractor may have incurred contract costs that relate to future activity on the contract. Such contract costs are recognised as an asset provided it is probable that they will be recovered. Such costs represent an amount due from the customer and are often classified as contract work in progress. 7. When an uncertainty arises about the collectability of an amount already included in contract revenue, and already recognised in the statement of profit and loss, the uncollectable amount or the amount in respect of which recovery has ceased to be probable is recognised as an expense rather than as an adjustment of the amount of contract revenue. 28 . An enterprise is generally able to make reliable estimates after it has agreed to a contract which establishes: (a) each party’s enforceable rights regarding the asset to be constructed; (b) the consideration to be exchanged; and (c) the manner and terms of settlement. It is also usually necessary for the enterprise to have an effective internal financial budgeting and reporting system. The enterprise reviews and, when necessary, revises the estimates of contract revenue and contract costs as the contract progresses. The need for such revisions does not necessarily indicate that the outcome of the contract cannot be estimated reliably. 29. The stage of completion of a contract may be determined in a variety 118 AS 7 (revised 2002) of ways. The enterprise uses the method that measures reliably the work performed. Depending on the nature of the contract, the methods may include: (a) the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed upto the reporting date bear to the estimated total contract costs; or (b) surveys of work performed; or (c) completion of a physical proportion of the contract work. Progress payments and advances received from customers may not necessarily reflect the work performed. 30. When the stage of completion is determined by reference to the contract costs incurred upto the reporting date, only those contract costs that reflect work performed are included in costs incurred upto the reporting date. Examples of contract costs which are excluded are: (a) contract costs that relate to future activity on the contract, such as costs of materials that have been delivered to a contract site or set aside for use in a contract but not yet installed, used or applied during contract performance, unless the materials have been made specially for the contract; and (b) payments made to subcontractors in advance of work performed under the subcontract. 31. When the outcome of a construction contract cannot be estimated reliably: (a) revenue should be recognised only to the extent of contract costs incurred of which recovery is probable; and (b) contract costs should be recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred. An expected loss on the construction contract should be recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with paragraph 35. 32. During the early stages of a contract it is often the case that the outcome of the contract cannot be estimated reliably. Nevertheless, it may be probable that the enterprise will recover the contract costs incurred. Therefore, contract Construction Contracts 119 revenue is recognised only to the extent of costs incurred that are expected to be recovered. As the outcome of the contract cannot be estimated reliably, no profit is recognised. However, even though the outcome of the contract cannot be estimated reliably, it may be probable that total contract costs will exceed total contract revenue. In such cases, any expected excess of total contract costs over total contract revenue for the contract is recognised as an expense immediately in accordance with paragraph 35. 33. Contract costs recovery of which is not probable are recognised as an expense immediately. Examples of circumstances in which the recoverability of contract costs incurred may not be probable and in which contract costs may, therefore, need to be recognised as an expense immediately include contracts: (a) which are not fully enforceable, that is, their validity is seriously in question; (b) the completion of which is subject to the outcome of pending litigation or legislation; (c) relating to properties that are likely to be condemned or expropriated; (d) where the customer is unable to meet its obligations; or (e) where the contractor is unable to complete the contract or otherwise meet its obligations under the contract. 4. When the uncertainties that prevented the outcome of the contract being estimated reliably no longer exist, revenue and expenses associated with the construction contract should be recognised in accordance with paragraph 21 rather than in accordance with paragraph 31. Recognition of Expected Losses 35. When it is probable that total contract costs wil l exceed total contract revenue, the expected loss should be recognised as an expense immediately. 36. The amount of such a loss is determined irrespective of: (a) whether or not work has commenced on the contract; 120 AS 7 (revised 2002) (b) the stage of completion of contract activity; or (c) the amount of profits expected to arise on other contracts which are not treated as a single construction contract in accordance with paragraph 8. Changes in Estimates 37. The percentage of completion method is applied on a cumulative basis in each accounting period to the current estimates of contract revenue and contract costs. Therefore, the effect of a change in the estimate of contract revenue or contract costs, or the effect of a change in the estimate of the outcome of a contract, is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate (see Accounting Standard (AS) 5, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies). The changed estimates are used in determination of the amount of revenue and expenses recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the period in which the change is made and in subsequent periods. Disclosure 38. An enterprise should disclose: (a) the amount of contract revenue recognised as revenue in the period; (b) the methods used to determine the contract revenue recognised in the period; and (c) the methods used to determine the stage of completion of contracts in progress. 39. An enterprise should disclose the following for contracts in progress at the reporting date: (a) the aggregate amount of costs incurred and recognised profits (less recognised losses) upto the reporting date; (b) the amount of advances received; and (c) the amount of retentions. 40. Retentions are amounts of progress billings which are not paid until the satisfaction of conditions specified in the contract for the payment of such Construction Contracts 121 amounts or until defects have been rectified. Progress billings are amounts billed for work performed on a contract whether or not they have been paid by the customer. Advances are amounts received by the contractor before the related work is performed. 41. An enterprise should present: (a) the gross amount due from customers for contract work as an asset; and (b) the gross amount due to customers for contract work as a liability. 42. The gross amount due from customers for contract work is the net amount of: (a) costs incurred plus recognised profits; less (b) the sum of recognised losses and progress billings for all contracts in progress for which costs incurred plus recognised profits (less recognised losses) exceeds progress billings. 43. The gross amount due to customers for contract work is the net amount of: (a) the sum of recognised losses and progress billings; less (b) costs incurred plus recognised profits for all contracts in progress for which progress billings exceed costs incurred plus recognised profits (less recognised losses). 4. An enterprise discloses any contingencies in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 4, Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date4 . Contingencies may arise from such items as warranty costs, penalties or possible losses. Pursuant to AS 29, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, becoming mandatory in respect of accounting period s commencing on or after 1-42004, all paragraphs of AS 4 that deal with contingencies stand withdrawn except to the extent they deal with impairment of assets not covered by other Indian Accounting Standards. Reference may be made to Announcement XX under the section titled Announcements of the Council regarding status of various documents issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India appearing at the beginning of this Compendium. 4 122 AS 7 (revised 2002) Appendix The appendix is illustrative only and does not form part of the Accounting Standard. The purpose of the appendix is to illustrate the application of the Accounting Standard to assist in clarifying its meaning. Disclosure of Accounting Policies The following are examples of accounting policy disclosures: Revenue from fixed price construction contracts is recognised on the percentage of completion method, measured by reference to the percentage of labour hours incurred upto the reporting date to estimated total labour hours for each contract. Revenue from cost plus contracts is recognised by reference to the recoverable costs incurred during the period plus the fee earned, measured by the proportion that costs incurred upto the reporting date bear to the estimated total costs of the contract. The Determination of Contract Revenue and Expenses The following example illustrates one method of determining the stage of completion of a contract and the timing of the recognition of contract revenue and expenses (see paragraphs 21 to 34 of the Standard). (Amounts shown hereinbelow are in Rs. lakhs) A construction contractor has a fixed price contract for Rs. 9,000 to build a bridge. The initial amount of revenue agreed in the contract is Rs. 9,000. The contractor’s initial estimate of contract costs is Rs. 8,000. It will take 3 years to build the bridge. By the end of year 1, the contractor’s estimate of contract costs has increased to Rs. 8,050. In year 2, the customer approves a variation resulting in an increase in contract revenue of Rs. 200 and estimated additional contract costs of Rs. 150. At the end of year 2, costs incurred include Rs. 100 for standard materials stored at the site to be used in year 3 to complete the project. The contractor determines the stage of completion of the contract by Construction Contracts 123 alculating the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed upto the reporting date bear to the latest estimated total contract costs. A summary of the financial data during the construction period is as follows: (amount in Rs. lakhs) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Initial amount of revenue agreed in contract Variation Total contract revenue 9,000 - - 9,000 9,000 200 9,200 6,168 2,032 8,200 1,000 74% 9,000 200 9,200 8,200 - - 8,200 1,000 100% Contract cos ts incurred upto the reporting date 2,093 Contract costs to complete Total estimated contract costs Estimated Profit Stage of completion 5,957 8,050 950 26% The stage of completion for year 2 (74%) is determined by excluding from contract costs incurred for work performed upto the reporting date, Rs. 100 of standard materials stored at the site for use in year 3. The amounts of revenue, expenses and profit recognised in the statement of profit and loss in the three years are as follows: Upto the Reporting Date Year 1 Revenue (9,000x . 26) Expenses (8,050x . 26) Profit 2,340 2,093 247 2,340 2,093 247 Recognised in Recognised in Prior years current year 124 AS 7 (revised 2002) Year 2 Revenue (9,200x . 74) Expenses (8,200x . 4) Profit Year 3 Revenue (9,200x 1. 00) Expenses Profit 9,200 8,200 1,000 6,808 6,068 740 2,392 2,132 260 6,808 6,068 740 2,340 2,093 247 4,468 3,975 493 Contract Disclosures A contractor has reached the end of its first year of operations. All its contract costs incurred have been paid for in cash and all its progress billings and advances have been received in cash. Contract costs incurred for contracts B, C and E inc lude the cost of materials that have been purchased for the contract but which have not been used in contract performance upto the reporting date. For contracts B, C and E, the customers have made advances to the contractor for work not yet performed. Construction Contracts 125 The status of its five contracts in progress at the end of year 1 is as follows: Contract (amount in Rs. lakhs) A Contract Revenue recognised in accordance with paragraph 21 Contract Expenses recognised in accordance with paragraph 21 Expected Losses recognised in accordance with paragraph 35 Recognised profits less recognised losses Contract Costs incurred in the period B C D E 55 55 30 (30) 100 Total 1,300 1,215 70 15 1,420 45 520 380 200 110 - 35 450 350 250 - 70 - 40 30 (90) 110 510 450 250 Contract Costs incurred recognised as contract expenses in the period in accordance with paragraph 21 110 Contract Costs that relate to future activity recognised as an asset in accordance with paragraph 26 Contract Revenue (see above) Progress Billings (paragraph 40) Unbilled Contract Revenue Advances (paragraph 40) 450 350 250 55 1,215 - 60 100 - 45 55 55 - 25 205 1,300 1,235 65 125 145 520 380 200 100 520 380 180 45 - - 80 - 20 20 - 126 AS 7 (revised 2002) The amounts to be disclosed in accordance with the Standard are as follows: Contract revenue recognised as revenue in the period (paragraph 38(a)) Contract costs incurred and recognised profits (less recognised losses) upto the reporting date (paragraph 39(a)) Advances received (paragraph 39(b)) Gross amount due from customers for contract work- presented as an asset in accordance with paragraph 41(a) Gross amount due to customers for contract work- presented as a liability in accordance with paragraph 41(b) 1,300 1,435 125 220 (20) The amounts to be disclosed in accordance with paragraphs 39(a), 41(a) and 41(b) are calculated as follows: (amount in Rs. lakhs) A Contract Costs incurred Recognised profits less recognised losses 110 35 145 Progress billings Due from customers Due to customers 100 45 - B 510 70 580 520 60 - C 450 30 480 380 100 - D 250 (90) 160 180 - (20) E 100 (30) 70 55 15 - Total 1,420 15 1,435 1,235 220 (20) The amount disclosed in accordance with paragraph 39(a) is the same as the amount for the current period because the disclosures relate to the first year of operation.

A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Paper

In the world that Betty Smith describes in â€Å"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn† however, this poverty is depicted as a kind of virtue, a force that causes individuals to grow, and families to bond c. Yet, while female characters like Katie and Francie grow from overcoming the hardships brought on by poverty, Francie’s father Johnny Nolan is defeated by it and ends up dying of alcoholism. In the 1900’s, gender roles and social expectations of men and women were more rigid than today, and both sexes were supposed to stay within gender boundaries d. In telling the story of Katie and Johnny Nolan, Betty Smith reveals how often times immigrant women like Katie, who went against gender stereotypes, survived and grew from the hardships of poverty, while men like Johnny, who tried to fulfill their gender role, were defeated by it. II. 1ST Body paragraph a. In the beginning of the novel, he has found a job, but it is as a low paying waiter and unstable. Even so, he dresses with style, is handsome, and seems content being a singing waiter. He is able to bring home money to his wife, Katie. His daughter, Francie always helps him get his bow tie on and he calls her â€Å"pre-Madonna,† then she eagerly awaits his return with her brother Neely, for he always bring back treats like caviar and oysters. They are a happy family. However, Johnny loses his job and his family becomes more and more hungry, but he can’t help them. He can’t find another job i. In the early 1900’s, men were supposed to provide for their family, but as Johnny Nolan illustrates, this was hard for immigrant men. ii. Perhaps not being in control and not being able to bring home money to his family makes him feel like a waste and a failure, for as the story goes on, he drinks more and more until he dies of alcoholism. Katie tries to help her husband, â€Å"She told him it was a good thing, that suffering would harden him, would teach him such a lesson that he’d stop drinking. But poor Johnny just wouldn’t harden. † (P. 98) iii. Johnny grew up with the gender stereotype of the man of the house being the â€Å"breadwinner†, and in the Irish American community in Brooklyn, he cannot fulfill this role. III. 2ND Body paragraph i. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work ii. In contrast, Katie, Francie’s mother, is able to overcome poverty because she breaks down the gender stereotypes of what a married woman should do in her time; Katie goes out of the house to work. At that time, were expected to stay home and be cared for while caring for the children iii. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work. Thus, as she faces poverty, we see Katie rise to the challenge by being flexible. In contrast to Johnny, she is able to experience poverty as a learning experience and change. At one point she says to passersby, â€Å"Look at that tree growing up there out of that grating. It gets no sun, and water only when it rains. It’s growing out of sour earth. And it’s strong because its hard struggle to live is making it strong. My children will be strong that way. † IV. 3RD Body paragraph a. Johnny and Katie Nolan, exemplify a theme of gender difference in the overcoming of poverty for immigrants i. Katie is flexible and able to adapt, so she eventually obtains a better life. She does not stay within her gender role of remaining in the house, but goes out to work. In contrast, Johnny is unable to be as flexible and his stubbornness in keeping within his gender role and his own idea of his responsibility to his family eventually destroys him ii. Betty Smith does not judge Johnny in her novel, but rather portrays him as a sympathetic and highly likeable, but he is a conflicted and ultimately tragic character. V. Conclusion paragraph a. In the patriarchal society of the early 1900’s that Betty Smith describes in her book â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn†, it would seem logical if women did not fair as well as men in times of difficulty. After all women had fewer rights. They could not vote or get the same wages as men i. By going against gender stereotypes, Katie is able to persevere and overcome poverty, while her husband, Johnny Nolan, who tries to follow them, is defeated iii. In 2012 many women have broken gender boundaries; Hilary Clinton is Secretary of state, Lady Gaga and Beyonce are millionaires and international pop stars. Men too have broken out of gender stereotypes for it is socially acceptable for men to work at home and even earn less than women. In â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, â€Å" however, Betty Smith captures a world, gone now, in which strict gender roles defined a person’s life. But for immigrants, trying to make a start in America, the need to adapt and go against these gender roles was critical. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Paper In the world that Betty Smith describes in â€Å"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn† however, this poverty is depicted as a kind of virtue, a force that causes individuals to grow, and families to bond c. Yet, while female characters like Katie and Francie grow from overcoming the hardships brought on by poverty, Francie’s father Johnny Nolan is defeated by it and ends up dying of alcoholism. In the 1900’s, gender roles and social expectations of men and women were more rigid than today, and both sexes were supposed to stay within gender boundaries d. In telling the story of Katie and Johnny Nolan, Betty Smith reveals how often times immigrant women like Katie, who went against gender stereotypes, survived and grew from the hardships of poverty, while men like Johnny, who tried to fulfill their gender role, were defeated by it. II. 1ST Body paragraph a. In the beginning of the novel, he has found a job, but it is as a low paying waiter and unstable. Even so, he dresses with style, is handsome, and seems content being a singing waiter. He is able to bring home money to his wife, Katie. His daughter, Francie always helps him get his bow tie on and he calls her â€Å"pre-Madonna,† then she eagerly awaits his return with her brother Neely, for he always bring back treats like caviar and oysters. They are a happy family. However, Johnny loses his job and his family becomes more and more hungry, but he can’t help them. He can’t find another job i. In the early 1900’s, men were supposed to provide for their family, but as Johnny Nolan illustrates, this was hard for immigrant men. ii. Perhaps not being in control and not being able to bring home money to his family makes him feel like a waste and a failure, for as the story goes on, he drinks more and more until he dies of alcoholism. Katie tries to help her husband, â€Å"She told him it was a good thing, that suffering would harden him, would teach him such a lesson that he’d stop drinking. But poor Johnny just wouldn’t harden. † (P. 98) iii. Johnny grew up with the gender stereotype of the man of the house being the â€Å"breadwinner†, and in the Irish American community in Brooklyn, he cannot fulfill this role. III. 2ND Body paragraph i. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work ii. In contrast, Katie, Francie’s mother, is able to overcome poverty because she breaks down the gender stereotypes of what a married woman should do in her time; Katie goes out of the house to work. At that time, were expected to stay home and be cared for while caring for the children iii. Yet, Katie has no choice and even though the cleaning job she finds does not pay well, she goes out to work. Thus, as she faces poverty, we see Katie rise to the challenge by being flexible. In contrast to Johnny, she is able to experience poverty as a learning experience and change. At one point she says to passersby, â€Å"Look at that tree growing up there out of that grating. It gets no sun, and water only when it rains. It’s growing out of sour earth. And it’s strong because its hard struggle to live is making it strong. My children will be strong that way. † IV. 3RD Body paragraph a. Johnny and Katie Nolan, exemplify a theme of gender difference in the overcoming of poverty for immigrants i. Katie is flexible and able to adapt, so she eventually obtains a better life. She does not stay within her gender role of remaining in the house, but goes out to work. In contrast, Johnny is unable to be as flexible and his stubbornness in keeping within his gender role and his own idea of his responsibility to his family eventually destroys him ii. Betty Smith does not judge Johnny in her novel, but rather portrays him as a sympathetic and highly likeable, but he is a conflicted and ultimately tragic character. V. Conclusion paragraph a. In the patriarchal society of the early 1900’s that Betty Smith describes in her book â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn†, it would seem logical if women did not fair as well as men in times of difficulty. After all women had fewer rights. They could not vote or get the same wages as men i. By going against gender stereotypes, Katie is able to persevere and overcome poverty, while her husband, Johnny Nolan, who tries to follow them, is defeated iii. In 2012 many women have broken gender boundaries; Hilary Clinton is Secretary of state, Lady Gaga and Beyonce are millionaires and international pop stars. Men too have broken out of gender stereotypes for it is socially acceptable for men to work at home and even earn less than women. In â€Å"A Tree Grows In Brooklyn, â€Å" however, Betty Smith captures a world, gone now, in which strict gender roles defined a person’s life. But for immigrants, trying to make a start in America, the need to adapt and go against these gender roles was critical.

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Case study - Assignment Example In nutshell, Burger King’s quirky advertising has enabled it shed its old boring image, stand out and position itself as a joint for fun loving people. The company has witnessed an increase in revenue, thanks to the advertising campaigns that had the potency to surprise customers. The purpose of advertising may be information dissemination, persuasion or brand building. Advertising is said to be effective if it achieves the stated objectives. Burger King has been able to attract the 18- to 34-year-old males even though it has alienated others. In essence, the company has not contravened any legal requirement and has used legitimate advertising to reach the desired demographic profile. Ethics refer to an individual’s moral judgment about right and wrong. They emanate from the norms and beliefs prevalent in the society. Ethics is a subjective term. The opinion on whether a particular action or decision is ethical or unethical may vary from person to person. Burger King’s advertising strategy may be regarded as unethical in parts. In some campaigns, Burger King’s advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky used visuals that were demeaning to women. Critics alleged that fast food retailer was relying on sex to promote its products. Some pictures posted on the company’s website with the caption â€Å"Groupies love the Coq† were also inappropriate for children viewing. The fast-food giant’s ‘Whopper Virgins’ campaign wherein three separate people groups underwent blind taste tests was racially demeaning and thus unethical. These advertisements depicted people from regions of Iceland, Thailand, and Transylvania and were stated to have no exposure of any of the leading fast food giants. In 2005, Burger King adopted the faux metal band called ‘Coq Roq’ to promote its new Chicken Fries. The company’s Coq Roq Web site featured a photo gallery of young women. These pictures along with the

HUM CHECKPOINT WK6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUM CHECKPOINT WK6 - Essay Example The religion has five pillars that characterize the obligatory concepts of worship. Therefore, this paper will explain on the five pillars of Islam and the central beliefs in the Islamic religion as per the five pillars. It will also highlight the easiest pillar and which will be the most challenging to fulfill. Ideally, the Islamic faith has central beliefs in that there is believe in only one God and that one should pray in order to maintain a healthy relationship with Him. This becomes the most fundamental pillar in Islam, which is Shahadah. The second pillar in the Islamic religion is Salat, which is the prayer schedule that each follower should be adherent. The prayer schedule should be in the early morning, at noon, mid-afternoon, before sunset, and in the evening. Ideally, this makes the number of times to be five in a day. As a mandate, a faithful has to cleanse their bodies before any prayer session and need to bow down as a sign of submission to Allah. Thirdly, Islam religion has Zakat as its other pillar of religion that requires the faithful to give alms to the poor in the society (Natana, 2010). In essence, it is the duty of every Muslim faithful to try to eliminate economic imbalance. This can be through donating part of their money, time, and services to those who are underpr ivileged. Essentially, families and businesses give two and half percent of the total cost of their valuables and savings. In addition, the religion has Sawm as the fourth fundamental pillar, which is the ritual fasting as a sign of repentance. This comes in to pay especially during the Holy month of Ramadhan. During this month, Muslims abscond from eating drinking of having any sexual relations during daytime. The fasting helps the faithful to appreciate Allah for His provision, to repent their sins, and to keep the poor in mind. However, only the young children and those with severe medical conditions may not fast. Lastly, the fifth of

AP Euro FRQ on Renaissance Essay Example for Free

AP Euro FRQ on Renaissance Essay Even though the renaissance had begun in main Italian city states by 1347, the rest of Europe was still basically Medieval in culture and outlook. Analyze how the Black Death put an end on to this medieval culture and hastened the development of the renaissance.† The Bubonic plague, also known as Black Death invaded the bodies of 50% of the English population, flourishing them with welts, 104-degree temperatures, bruising, wretched stench, coughing and death within 24 hours. This awful disease forced an end to the medieval ages, creating a new way of political, economical and cultural thinking, which today we call the Renaissance. Through the inflation on silver, diminishing use of knights and castles and imposing parliaments on the king Europe was brought to a dawn of a new era, the Renaissance. When the Bubonic plague came to an end, the demand for peasants was at an all time high. This in turn gave the peasants an idea to demand more money for their work. The king had no problem paying more since his plan was to fill silver coins with half lead and lead peasants into inflation. Money would soon become worth less than it had and the amount of coins would not make up for the item being purchased. This kept the peasants stuck giving more money to the king to be grant more coins. Inflation on coinage in Europe leads to a surplus of money back into the royal family. Thus leading to the development of a renaissance lifestyle where the king traps peasants into giving more money to the throne and leading to a continuation of inflation for the next 6oo years. The loss of population from Black Death and the new ways of protection and modern thinking from the 100-year way lead to modernization for Europe. France and England were fighting over the right of the French throne. A critical turning point was The Battle of Ageneout in 1415. The French had 1,750 knights compared to England’s 46 archers. When the battle had begun the French proceeded to get stuck in the mud from the rain the previous night and the English archers killed, injured or captured all the Frenchmen. This battle marked the importance of archers over knights and a less amount of men in an army. Another idea taken out of medieval times was castles. Cannon balls were being made to be able to crash down a castle, therefore making these structures useless to the now more modern European. Modernization began to come to use after the Black Death forced Europeans to change their way of living through the renaissance by removing use of knights and castle and alter to a more modern lifestyle of using archers in military force and living in gunpowder fortification rather than castles. After Black Death had wiped out nearly half of the peasant population in Europe, the king had to establish a new way to bring in revenue. His thoughts directed towards taxing the rich considering the poor had nothing to give. This idea angered merchants, clergy and nobles and gave them an idea to make in turn with the king. If the king were to tax the merchants and clergy, they had the right to form parliaments. These parliaments took away the power of the king and stopped him from abusing his throne through taxation and government decisions, thus destroying the medieval way of power and leading to a modern way of governing typified by the Renaissance.

Police Use of Force Essay -- Law Enforcement

In certain situations, the police may have to act quickly on their instincts. Sometimes, a situation is unpredictable and a decision needs to be made in a split second. The quick decision may to be to take a person down physically with the officer’s own hands, or to use deadly force, unfortunately. Anything can happen and the officer needs to be ready for every scenario. The different levels of force can be anywhere from just a police officer being present, to having to kill someone to prevent him or her from hurting anyone else. It’s a harsh reality, but sometimes the officer needs to make the decision to die or to protect him and do what he needs to do. There are several circumstances in which the police may have to ultimately use force. In a situation with a crazy violent offender who is trying to harm the officer would be a matter of using force to contain the offender to make sure he or she doesn’t hurt him/herself, or anyone else for that matter. Sometimes, a verbal command does the trick. But unfortunately, that isn’t always the case. For instance, if a violent offender was caught in the act of committing a robbery and the police told him to freeze and to drop the weapon; he is bound to get force used against him if he does not comply. If the offender who is committing the robbery lunges at the officer with a weapon or gun, the officer may have to use deadly force against the offender to protect his or her own life on duty. Every day, law enforcement officers face danger while carrying out their responsibilities. When dealing with a dangerous or unpredictable situation, police officers usually have very little time to assess it and determine the proper response (U.S. Department of Justice). So, if an officer decides ... ...l is to use unarmed physical force or force using non lethal weapons. Police often use their own discretion in order to find the best way to go about solving a difficult situation (The Associated Press). They have to make haste decisions of how to get an offender under control or apprehended. Works Cited Forced to Shoot. Dir. A&E. 2001. Hearst Communications Inc. The Use of Force: Defining Force. 2008. 17 November 2009 . Mangan, David. Police Brutality: The Use of Excessive Force. New York, May 2006. Ramsey, Josh. Defensive Devices. 2007. 15 November 2009 . The Associated Press. Study Examines Police Use Of Deadly Force. 2009. 14 November 2009 . U.S. Department of Justice. Use of Force. 30 April 2008. 15 November 2009 .

Causes Of Protestant Reformation

Though human beings are innately compelled to venerate forms of god or higher beings, they also have the tendency to remove themselves from the bonds of undesirable groups and established norms when they feel already most uncomfortable or when new alternatives ready to be explored have presented itself. This tendency have also propelled many individuals to deviate from the grip of Catholicism during the time when irregularities in leadership by religious superiors have spread doubt on the Catholic faith.Before Martin Luther was excommunicated and called a heretic, he was a brilliant student from a catholic monastery. Having been obsessed with whether he is going to be saved by his actions and practices as a catholic, he arrived to some questions regarding the â€Å"legality† of some catholic practices and rites with respect to the teachings from the bible. From there he concluded that portions of catholic teachings do not coincide with the holy scriptures and certain practices of church people are out of their religious requirements. From here he created his 95 theses, containing his criticisms on the religion.He is particular about the claims of the catholic church that it is capable of bringing salvation of people from sins and later lead them to the paradise they promised. Luther contradicted this by citing the bible's reference to God as the only savior. Also, he notes that faith alone is necessary in order to follow the Words of God, not prayers to some saints, like Mary who is venerated in the catholic church as someone higher in being. His 95 Theses however is focused mainly on his renouncement of the practice of indulgences, religious acts that include prayers, attendance in mass celebrations, charity, and penance.Indulgences are done in order to remove one's soul out of purgatory, an extra-temporal state where souls who are not â€Å"clean† enough of heaven is being purified before entry. Prayers sent with regards to the people in purgato ry helps in purifying them, eventually granting them passage to paradise. This is contested by Luther, saying in general that indulgences is not commanded by the bible and followers should only practice those directed by the bible. His letter to the Archbishop of Mainz in 1517 voiced his objections over the sale of indulgences done by friars in many parts of Germany.Priests, encouraged by a permission from the pope, collects â€Å"contributions† which will be included in the funds necessary in building a church in Rome. Johann Tetzel, a friar in Germany, advocated that indulgences will purchase a soul out of purgatory and fly to heaven. Also, he stressed that the money offered can remove one's sin and the penance required thereof. The Catholic Church however denied Luther's objections, noting that the church is needed in interpreting the bible and God's Word to the people. From there they excommunicated Luther and called him a heretic.The church commanded its followers to bur n Luther's book which spread already in Germany where it was received with much appreciation and acceptance by the state who have conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire that time already. The over-reaction of the church may have contributed in Luther's success in influencing people away from the church. Though Luther's intention is not to build a new church but only to reform the existing due to its wrong ways, the excommunication and the conviction of heresy stray away from catholic teachings.However, other reasons are being cited to explain the spread of Lutheranism and the defiance of people to the Catholic Church (Kreis, 2002). Considering that his goal is only to reform certain practices of the church, his arguments are not enough to make a new church in itself. This is why many practices of the Protestant church is similar to those practiced by catholics. The desire of rich people to save their money while at the same time being saved from sins gave them a reason to remove thems elves from the Catholic church.Since Luther argued that only faith is needed to be saved, the rich found it unnecessary to pay indulgences consequently saving their money for themselves. This is the same with the poor people who cannot pay indulgences. Because they have no money to literally pay for their sins, they feel hopeless and lack sense of dignity and esteem as a follower of God. When they heard of Luther's arguments against indulgences, they are given new hope for salvation without even paying a single copper coin. Later achievements of Protestantism received contributions from John Calvin, another reformist influenced by Luther.He argues that God alone have the final say on who is going to be saved, not the church nor the priests. This is explained in his concept of predestination, which stresses that human beings are not capable to understand God, even the pope of the Catholic Church. However, The growth of Protestantism is still accountable to Martin Luther and the surpr ising number of his initial followers. The spread of Protestantism marks the capability of people to deviate from the undesirable group or norms that they belong to.Martin Luther found that the practices of the Catholic Church and its leaders are no longer in accordance to what their belief states, particularly the orders of the bible. However, the number of people who followed him did not do so because of the righteousness of his claims. Their motives are propelled by their personal desire to remove themselves from the seemingly corrupt and repressive leadership of the church and their objections on the purpose of giving money when a more effortless and pretentious action, faith, is necessary.

How Great Websites Help Improve Your Business

Take a look at the websites for Harley-Davidson (www. harley-davidson. com), Yamaha (www. yamaha-motor. com), and Indian (www. indianmotorcycle. com). Who are their potential customers? How is each of these companies appealing to their potential customers? Are they using emotion, facts, comparisons, etc? How effective do you believe each of them to be? Harley Davidson (www. harley-davidson. com) Who doesn’t know Harley Davidson? It is a popular American motorcycle manufacturer. Also known as H-D or Harley founded in 1903 by William Harley and Walter, William, and Arthur Davidson, who built their first three motorcycles in a shed in Milwaukee.Harley sells heavyweight which is over 750  cc motorcycles designed for traveling on highways. It was one of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the  Great Depression during the first decade of 20th century. Harley-Davidson has come a long way since filing for bankruptcy in 1986 once the company realized how to conne ct with potential customers. According to Ken Schmidt, Harley-Davidson's former director of communication said that they don’t compete with hardware which only creates pricing pressure. Instead, they use the hardware as protection and the process behind it as their weapon.Their weapon of choice is getting potential customers to like them more than their competitors. From a hardware and utility perspective, everything does the same thing, so Harley do business with people, brands and organizations they like. Schmidt also said â€Å"When all things are the same and we feel no inclination to do business with one particular company over another, we buy from whoever is willing to sell us a cool piece of hardware at the lowest price. We are all consumers; the things we buy, the reasons we buy them, regardless of how much we spend, do not make sense. Notice our customer is one of the key points in doing business. Harley-Davidson sale person continuously ask potential customers what that they really wanted and produce that product and sell it to them at a profit. Harley-Davidson brings motorcyclists together to create social network. Today there are 1,300 Harley dealers worldwide, 650 of which are in United States. The group are getting larger. The sales person refers the customers as a friend. The customer feels good once you treat them like a friend.By this they will go out and spread the word which create a bigger chain of ‘friends’ around the world. Current customers have told Harley-Davidson’s management to keep the identity, look and sound of the motorcycles because they are unique. When customers view are heard and accepted it develop greater brand loyalty, creating customer experience that is unique and valuable. Harley-Davidson ranging from CEO and sales person maintained personalised relationships with customers through face to face and social media contact. They use advertising nationally about four to five television commercials a year.These commercials are recognised because they are advertising the company not the product. They also advertised in national magazines such as Road ; Track, Popular Science, and Fortune as well as specific motorcycle magazines as Easy Rider. Locally, individual Harley-Davidson dealers advertise on the radio and through direct mail. Internet is a great and fast way to promote as it reaches the entire world. Harley owners can find new product where new customers are able to see what products Harley-Davidson has to offer and can compare the price with similar products.The more information the public can get the more chances of a potential customer. The purpose of Harley-Davidson's mass media advertising is to inform and remind which move customers from ignorance to awareness. The plant's maintenance organization is a strong proponent of: * Technology * A focus on detail and root causes * Team concepts * Communication and sharing By effectively using these â€Å"tools,† sa ys lead maintenance reliability engineer Dana Fluet, â€Å"We are moving toward being 100 precent proactive and having zero fire-fighting. It's the way that we're doing business at Harley-Davidson. As a result for the full year 2012, Harley-Davidson continues to forecast a five – seven percent increase in motorcycle shipment compared to last year, 2011. Companies can build customer relationships at many levels, depending on the nature of the target market. Harley-Davidson established the  Harley Owners Group  (HOG) in 1983 which gives Harley riders a way to share their common passion of â€Å"making the Harley-Davidson dream a way of life† HOG also build on the strong loyalty and community of Harley-Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote not just a consumer product, but a lifestyle. HOG members typically spend 30% more han other Harley owners, on such items as clothing and Harley-Davidson-sponsored events. HOG went international in 1991, with the first officia l European HOG Rally in Cheltenham, England. Today, more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle organization in the world. HOG benefits include two magazines (Hog Tales and Enthusiast), a HOG Touring Handbook, a roadside assistance program, a specially designed insurance program, theft reward service, a travel center, and a â€Å"Fly & Ride† program enabling members to rent Harleys while on vacation. . http://www. sema. org/sema-enews/2010/13/sema-show-seminar-how-harley-davidson-reinvented-itself 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Harley-Davidson 3. http://www. scribd. com/doc/2670384/Harley-Davidson-Analysis 4. http://www. scribd. com/doc/19943405/Harley-Davidson-Case-Study 5. http://catalogue. pearsoned. co. uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/0273755021. pdf 6. Text Book Principle of Marketing Thirteenth edition Yamaha (www. yamaha-motor. com)Genichi Kawakami was the first son of Ka ichi Kawakami, the third-generation president of Nippon Gakki (musical instruments and electronics; presently Yamaha Corporation). He was the second Kawakami to join the Nippon Gakki Company. He explored producing many products, including sewing machines, auto parts, scooters, three-wheeled utility vehicles including motorcycles. Market and competitive factors led him to focus on the motorcycle market. Genichi actually visited the United States many times during this period. â€Å"If you are going to make it, make it the very best there is. With these words as their motto, the development team poured all their energy into building the first prototype, and ten months later in August of 1954 the first model was complete. It was the Yamaha YA-1. The bike was powered by an air-cooled, 2-stroke, single cylinder 125cc engine. Yamaha continued to grow. They have diversity products including snowmobiles, race kart engines, generators, scooters, ATVs, personal watercraft and more. Genichi K awakami step up for Yamaha Motor Company's success with his vision and philosophies.His total honesty towards the customer and making products that hold their own enables the company that serves people in thirty-three countries, to provide an improved lifestyle through exceptional quality, high performance products. Yamaha motor has expended to Star motorcycles, Sport, Outdoors, Watercraft and Marine. Now Yamaha motor has more than 400 dealers across the country and now they are planning to spread out to more cities increasing its dealer network to 2000 by 2018. To be on top you have to know your customer.Genichi once said, â€Å"I believe that the most important thing when building a product is to always keep in mind the standpoint of the people who will use it. † An example of the commitment to â€Å"walking in the customers' shoes† was the move in 1966 by Yamaha to continue its expansion. John Bayliss who is the Motorcycle Product Manager of Yamaha Motor Canada Ltd said â€Å"The new FJR1300 is attracting lots of very positive feedback. A number of customers have already stepped up and left deposits with our dealers, without even seeing the bike in person! It tells us that the designers and engineers have done a great job and satisfied customers need.Yamaha motor website makes the customer easy to find what they want. Yamaha motor also created a link ‘My YAMAHA’ is for you. By becoming a member of ‘My Yamaha’ customer will have access to many exclusive member benefits such as build a customised web page and set as your browser’s home page, Create & Save accessorised ATVs in any of the Build-Your-Own sections, Build & Save a Wish List for Genuine Yamaha Parts and Accessories and also customer can view and print vehicle Maintenance Schedules & Services Specifications back from year 2002.Yamaha motor also offer Pro Yamaha Motorsports dealer. A Pro Yamaha Motorsport dealer is a customer satisfaction focused dealer ship that has consistently excelled in providing customer with the best sales experience, the best service experience and the best ownership experience. By ‘Walking in customers shoes’ slogan it will make Yamaha motor understand the needs of customer by this they will deliver faster and better. By having more products in the market, it will be easier for people to know your brand. 1. www. amaha-motor. com 2. http://www. presidion. com/industry_solutions/commercial/materials/case_studies /Yamaha%20Motor%20Europe. pdf 3. http://cars. sulekha. com/yamaha-motors-expand-their-dealership-network-in-maharashtra_car_news_2935 4. http://www. yamaha-motor. com/sport/myyamaha/login/L3Nwb3J0L215eWFtYWhhL2hvbWUuYXNweA==/starthere. aspx Indian Motorcycle (www. indianmotorcycle. com) The Indian motorcycle was originally founded as the Hendee Manufacturing Company by George M. Hendee in 1897 who manufacture bicycles.They renamed the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company  in 1928. Ca rl Oscar Hedstrom  joined in 1900. Both of them are former bicycle racers and manufacturers. They teamed up to produce a motorcycle in Hendee’s home town of Springfield. It was successful and the sales increased drastically during the next decade. In April 2011, Polaris Industries purchased Indian Motorcycle Company. Backed by $2 billion Company, the customer can expect the confidence of the Polaris engineering team, vision, quality and performance to be delivered in the classic Indian Motorcycle.Now, Polaris is redesigning Indian bikes from a clean sheet of paper to capture the spirit of the Chief and other Indians from a half-century ago, but to use a modern engine and other components to make the bikes rider-friendly. With the slow economy, Indian had a tough road due to a restricted and high end line of motorcycles. Polaris, on the other hand is far more expanded and able to weather the current market conditions. This could be a good combination for both companies This store also carries many ranges of back seats, decorative trim, leather jackets, hats, shirts and more.Customers and fans can join a rewards membership program for added benefits, events and discounts. We use mobile toolboxes & equipment to set up a fabrication shop under canopy for customers to get a unique & personal experience in the techniques. There are hundreds of events held all over the country each year. Indian motorcycle show potential customers that the modifications & builds can be done without huge machines & million dollar facilities, they can get their local dealer to do the modifications or even do some themselves.They even do small workshops for potential & existing customers. This can help to change customer thinking. In Indian Motorcycle website it stated RIDE PROUD. RIDE INDIAN. Indian Motorcycle is determined to deliver a premium experience to riders around the world. Indian Motorcycle is looking for a select dealer business operator that will proudly represent t heir brand while assuring a premium buying and ownership experience for consumers. Understanding what customers need in a purchase experience is critical in meeting the needs of the market.We spent a substantial amount of time talking with motorcycle riders to understand what they want from their dealer. This understanding was the basis for the store design and dealership operational expectations. The customer experience is paramount in the success of the Indian Motorcycle brand and a profitable dealership. Indian Motorcycle store branding was established directly from what consumers told us and what they expected when shopping for a premium motorcycle. These riders want an open environment that allows enough room to walk between the motorcycles.They do not want to have to walk through or around other products to get to the bikes. Having an adequate selection of apparel and accessories is also very important to their potential consumers. The store layout and design will give custome rs a premium shopping experience that is constant with their expectations. This look and feel will be consistent in the dealerships, at major motorcycling events, and all other consumer and public interactions with Indian Motorcycle. In addition to the dealership location and shopping environment, customers also have expectations about how they should be treated.They want to be able to sit on the motorcycles, start the motorcycles, and take a test ride. It is important to them to be able to feel firsthand how the motorcycle performs and fits their riding style. These riders want to be able to have conversations with a knowledgeable staff that listens and responds properly. They want the staff to be motorcycle buffs that understand motorcycle riders. Indian motorcycle training, support, and operational standards will help ensure a positive â€Å"frictionless† interaction with our consumers.With the development of this strategy, they also understand the need to align with the r ight partners in the market. Indian Motorcycle dealers will need to understand and embrace the â€Å"Ride Proud, Ride Indian† culture. They should understand that that they are making an investment in their future with Indian Motorcycle. They will be expected to maintain the highest level of respect for the Indian Motorcycle brand and the Indian Motorcycle rider. Indian Motorcycle gathers and uses your personal information to run the Indian Motorcycle Web site and carry out the services you have requested.They also use your personally identifiable information to inform you of other products or services available from Indian Motorcycle and its associates. Indian Motorcycle may also contact you via surveys to conduct research about your opinion of current services or of potential new services that may be offered. Indian Motorcycle keeps track of the websites and pages that customers visited within Indian Motorcycle in order to decide what Indian Motorcycle services are the most popular. This data is used to deliver modified content and advertising within Indian Motorcycle to customers that are interested in a particular subject area.Indian Motorcycle is an iconic brand with a proud legacy and a bright future. We will offer Indian Motorcycle Brand training to ensure that all dealership appreciate the legendary heritage of Indian Motorcycle and the brand that they have been entrusted to help steward and grow. Training will also be provided to be certain that dealership personnel understand who the customer is and what they expect in a finest shopping experience. 1. http://www. indianmotorcycle. com/en-us/pages/home. aspx 2. http://www. phatridez. biz/Polaris. html 3. http://thekneeslider. com/polaris-buys-indian-motorcycles/

Kristin Landeros Essays (712 words) - 2nd Millennium, Free Essays

Kristin Landeros Essays (712 words) - 2nd Millennium, Free Essays Kristin Landeros S. Gran HIST M180 World Civilization 10/01/2016 The Impact of Vienna The congress of Vienna started in November 1814 and ended in June 1815. Borders of European countries were changed and some states were divided smaller states such as Germany. There were four powerful countries in the congress, which are Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. These countries were in the coalition. Moreover, these countries were concerned about increasing nationalist movements because of the French revolution. In this congress, countries made important decisions. However, their main goal was to legitimize the borders which were changed in the wars and to create a balance in their society. The Congress of Vienna wasn't a military conference but, it was a political congress. Countries signed the Treaty of Paris to stop Napoleon's Army and to reduce the Continental system by blocking the France with powerful countries. Congress had some economic effects in the Europe. This essay aims to give two implications of Congress of Vienna in Europe, which are political and economical. Congress of Vienna had played an important political role on Europe political structure.Primarily, Napoleon Bonaparte was a successful military leader and he made French economy growth. However, he took back women's rights which were earned during French revolution and tried to conquer all of Europe. He also planned to reduce profits of Britain from trade by disconnecting rest of Europe, which was known as continental system. On the other hand, French army was weakened bySpanish rebellions in Peninsular War. There were Napoleonic wars between France and other European countries. With Napoleon was d efeated and Napoleonic wars ended in 1815. Then, leader of European countries reassembled to provide and establish long-term peace in Europe. Congress of Vienna had two goals. These were avoiding future French hostility and keep balance of power.Congress of Vienna had remarkable successes in politics. For example, the congress was made fairly and any country wasn't feeling anger. So, it avoided the future wars in long term. Therefore, whole European countries cooperated to guide political affairs. In addition, we can say Congress of Vienna isquite similar to United Nations. For example, both planned to avoid wars, powerful countries formed both, and both kept peace by using diplomacy. In general, there are four specific political implicationsin Europe. Firstly, power of France was decreased. Secondly, Prussia and Britain had increased their power. Thirdly, Nationalism has increased in Germany, Italy or other places where a nation under control the others such as Greece. The unificat ion of Italy might be an example. Nationalistmovements tented to revolutions. Thanks to these revolutions, Spanish colonies would take their independence. Finally, while French revolution led to democracy, Congress of Vienna led tomonarchies. So, conservatives supported the Congress of Vienna to protect status quo. The mostconservative participant was Matternich who represented Austria.As I already mentioned above, the main goal was providing balance of power in Congress of Vienna. To provide this, Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria made thequadruple alliance. They succeed this aim for almost 40 years. Moreover, Britain played an importantrole. Thanks to balance of power, they redrew the borders of Europe. France was forced to give up alllands which she conquered and Prussia, Britain and Russia earned lands. Thanks to the Britishindustrial revolution, economic production shifted from agricultural to manufacturing. Urbanizationhas been expanded and large population led to big citi es after 1815. Bourgeoisie had become liberal but also depending on monarchies. British Navy was able to control over sea after fall Napoleon's Army. After the Congress of Vienna, there were new countries founded, Britain signed tradeagreements with these independent countries. As you know, France was forced to give up allconquered areas, so, it caused too much income lost. Europe countries doomed the slave trade. In1815, British government charted The Corn Law. Thanks to this law, Aristocrat class would protect its profits by raising taxes. Of course, raised taxes caused high food prices and affected factory owners.Because they had to pay wages also their worker higher. Thus, manufacturers and workers protested insocial and political life. Britain was afraid of revolution risks so, government made some reforms.There were a couple reasons for that. Firstly, British traditions tend to civil rights and secondly,industrial workers and manufacturers were intensively important.

The Black Panther Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Black Panther - Essay Example However, time and events have impacted the American Dream as well as the nature of people that have believed in it. During the last several decades, the transforming nature of the American Dream has demonstrated the development of the American character, which has left many analysts and observes quite mystified, worried and at times utterly annoyed (Blanc, 2003). However, principally the American Dream is said to be deeply ingrained in a utopian conviction relative to the world’s perfectibility, which for all practical purposes could just be present in the eye of the beholder. But in the context of the American psyche, worldly imperfection ought to be removed and rectified by adopting measures through individual and collective actions. American citizens have developed a reputation for reacting quickly, spotting deficiencies and are known to make efforts in finding the right options in order to endeavor to endlessly strive towards achieving perfection. However, critics argue th at the American Dream has remained a myth for working class Blacks in America, at much higher levels as compared to working class whites. A major proportion of the Black population is characterized with suffering from poverty and low pay, which is evident from the fact that a large percentage of Blacks are still classified as poor. Unemployment amongst Blacks is double as compared to whites and they stand twice the number of chances of dying early from diseases and crime at every stage in life. It was in view of these circumstances that the Black Panther Party for Self Defense became very powerful and popular during the 1950s and 1960s and embodied the highest level in terms of the large scale rebellions that swept across the US during this period, against the prevalence of poverty and racism. It can be said that the extent and severity of poverty and racism presently experienced by Blacks in America is not much different from what it was during the 1950s and 1960s. It is also true that the numbers of affluent people amongst Blacks have increased significantly and there is now a Black minority that has also entered the elite class in US society. The ruling parties during the 1950s and 1960s had acted in response to the revolts during the 1950s and 1960s by taking conscious decisions of developing the Black middle classes in order to prevent the revolutionary movement from escalating further. More essentially, the move was to develop a realistic adaptation of the American Dream for Blacks in America. In fact, the Second World War had impacted the civil rights movement in America during this period. The large numbers of Black soldiers who had fought in favor of American imperialist policies were surprised at the hypocrisy surrounding the war propaganda. On the one side American capitalists fought to remove racism practiced by the Nazis and on the other hand there was cruel racism being practiced in their own country. Moreover, the economic prosperity in America implied that larger numbers of Blacks were relocating to cities and becoming part of the working class. By the year 1970, almost 75 percent of the Black population in America was living in cities, and in view of their large majority their confidence

Cannabis and Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cannabis and Marijuana - Essay Example Although marijuana can be beneficial in the treatment of ailments like glaucoma, cancer, multiple sclerosis, AIDS and also chronic pain, researchers like Jacques-Joseph Moreau have discovered that marijuana has numerous harmful effects on the brain and the functions of the human central nervous system. Usage of cannabis hinders movement and memory in the brain. Chemicals in marijuana, especially THC and cannabinoids directly alter the emotions, memory and function of a user's brain and central nervous system. Marijuana changes to brain function and behavior by impinging on the central nervous and attaching its elements to the neurons in the brain, thereby interfering with the natural communication between the brain's neurons. This interference causes the nerves to alter their normal behavior. For instance, after using cannabis, a nerve that was supposed to enable a person to retrieve short-term memory, tends to act do the opposite, because of the cannabinoids receptors. Thus, if a person has to recall his recent activities, maybe his activities during the last 5 minutes ago, that person will have a lot of trouble accomplishing this, if he has taken a high dose of cannabis/marijuana. Cannabis contains about 400 chemicals, and about 60 of them are known to be cannabinoids, that are psychoactive compounds that are produced inside the human body and brain after cannabis is metabolized. "Cannabinoids is known to be the active ingredient in marijuana, and "the most psychoactive cannabinoids ch emical in marijuana that has the biggest impact on the brain is THC (tetrahydrocannibol). tetrahydrocannibol is the main active ingredient in marijuana because it affects the brain by binding to and activating specific receptors, known as cannabinoid receptors. "These receptors control memory, thought, concentration, time and depth, and coordinated movement." (J. Bartholomew, S. Holroyd, and T. M Heffernan 2010) When a person uses cannabis and his or her memory is affected, the short-term memory will be triggered first, as marijuana damages short-term memory as a result of the fact that the element tetrahydrocannibol interferes with the processing of information by an area of the brain called the hippocampus, which is responsible for the proper formation of memory. "One region of the brain that contains a lot of tetrahydrocannibol receptors is the hippocampus, which processes memory. Hippocampus is the part of the brain that is important for memory, learning, and the integration of sensory experiences with emotions and motivation. It also converts information into short-term memory. As a steroid, tetrahydrocannibol also acts on the hippocampus and inhibits memory retrieval. tetrahydrocannibol also alters the way in which sensory information is interpreted. When tetrahydrocannibol attaches to receptors in the hippocampus, it weakness the short-term memory, and damages the nerve cells by creat ing structural changes to the hippocampus region of the brain. When a user has a high dose of marijuana, new information does not register into their brain and this may be lost from memory and they are not able to retrieve new information for more than a few minutes. There is also a decrease in the activity of nerve cells." (M. Yucel, N.