Land law Essay Essay Example

Land law Essay Essay Tasnim claims that she has an option to buy the freehold in both cottages for the current market price. She wants to exercise the option now and has produced a document, signed by Romesh and herself, dated 7 April 2006. When Salman spoke to Tasnim prior to his purchase of The Franklins she said nothing about this option. Salman is unhappy at the prospect of selling the cottages. He does not need the money and might well want them for his children when they get older. Advise Salman whether he can be forced to sell the cottages to Tasnim? Covenants in leases created post 1996 are governed by the Landlord and Tenants (covenants) Act 1995, the principal changes introduced by the Act relate to the continuing liability of the landlord and the tenant through covenants, which will run with the lease. While the Act operates to release the tenant of liability under the covenants in the lease after it has been assigned, it does not work in the same way insofar as the landlord is concerned upon an assignment of the reversion. He will remain liable for the covenants unless he is released from them.1 From this we can deduce that the obligations of the old landlord transfer to the new landlord after he has purchased the land. We will write a custom essay sample on Land law Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Land law Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Land law Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer S2 (1) states that the Act applies to a landlord covenant or a tenant covenant of a tenancy, and whether the covenant is express, implied or imposed by law.2 From this we can see that it is likely that the agreement between Tasnim and Romesh giving her an option to buy the freehold may suffice in being a covenant. Section 6 of the Act allows landlords to be released from the covenants of the previous landlord. To obtain a release, he must within 4 weeks of the assignment, serve a notice on the tenant informing him of the assignment and seeking a release form the covenants. If the tenant does not respond within 4 weeks of the service of the notice, the landlord will be released from the covenants.3 If Salman had exercised this option when he purchased the land then he would not be in his current predicament. The tenant can refuse to release the landlord from the covenants; however in this case the matter can be referred to the Courts to determine if such a refusal is reasonable. It is likely that if this had happened that the Courts would have found in Salmans favour and said that it would not be reasonable for him to be bound by the covenant to sell the freehold at its market value to Tasnim. If however the covenant between Romesh and Tasnim was expressed to be personal one then the burden of these covenants will not pass onto Salman. S3 (3) states that the new landlord will not be bound by a covenant, which was personal to the previous landlord. The issue of how to distinguish whether a covenant was personal or not was tackled in the case of BHP Petroleum Great Britain V Chesterfield Properties Ltd 2002, the question arose whether a landlord was entitled to be relieved of his liability for covenants which were expressed in the lease to be personal obligations of the land lord, in holding that he was not, Jonathan Parker LJ said the crux as we see it is the definition of landlord as being the person for time being entitled to the reversion expectant on the term of the tenancy. We find it impossible to find that definition meaning only the original landlord'4 From the above case we can see that if in the agreement the covenant between Tasnim and Romesh was expressed, as being a personal one then the burden will not pass to Salman. If, however, Romesh made the covenant in his capacity as landlord then the burden will pass to Salman. The above seems very unfair; one may ask the question why a new landlord should be bound by the promises of the previous landlord. However, caveat emptor or buyer beware is a long established principle in English land law. It is the buyers prerogative to ensure that the land he is buying is free of covenants, or at least that he is aware of the covenants that affect the land. It is the duty of the buyers solicitor that he carries out all relevant searches and enquiries to make sure he makes the buyer aware of his rights and his obligations contained in the covenants. If Salmans solicitor failed to look into relevant matters then he can make a claim of negligence against him. It is stated that Tasnim did not tell Salman of the agreement she had with Romesh before he purchased the property. Tasnim was not under a legal obligation to supply Salman with information because she was not a party to the contract. Despite the principle of caveat emptor the seller is obliged to supply the buyer with all the relevant information regarding the land. If it is found that Romesh deliberately hid his covenant with Tasnim from Salman, then he could be guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation under contract law. It seems apparent that Salman can be forced to sell the cottages to Tasnim because covenants made by previous landlords bind subsequent landlords. If he was aware of the covenant he could have been released from it, the method of doing this has been highlighted above. If, however, the covenant was personal i.e. it only applied to Romesh then Salman cannot be forced to sell. If Salman feels that his solicitor was negligent he can bring a claim against him. If he believes that Romesh deliberately mislead him then he can then he can make a claim against him under the principles of contract law. The remedies available to a tenant for a landlords breach of covenant are damages and specific performance amongst others. So the Court can order Salman to sell the cottages to Tasnim, however I fell the most likely outcome is damages if he refuses to sell the cottages to Tasnim, this seems equitable under the circumstances. Our case can also be seen as overriding interest where Salman brought a legal Estate in Land which has Registered Title, he will not be bound by any third-party interests in that land, unless they are noted on the register, or are deemed to be overriding. Some interests are overriding because it would be unreasonable to expect their owners to register them, particularly where they are obvious. Others were made overriding to relieve the administrative burden on the Land Registry, which is a less creditable reason in these days of computerisation. Under the Land Registration Act (1925) the list of accepted overriding interests was defined in s.70 (1). This provision has now been repealed, and replaced with Schedules 1 and 3 of the Land Registration Act 2002. Schedule 1 applies to interests that are overriding when the land is registered for the first time, while schedule 3 applies when the land is subsequently sold. Overriding interests in Sch. 3 are narrower in scope than those in Sch . 1, and both are narrower in scope than the 1925 legislation. In our case Tasnim is in Actual occupation where a person is in actual occupation of land that she does not own serves to make her rights stronger against a person to whom the owner wishes to sell the land. Her occupation does not, in itself create rights where none existed before, it merely makes whatever rights she has overriding, that is, enforceable against the new owner, even if they are not registered. This article compares the actual occupation rights under the Land Registration Act 1925 with those under the LRA2002. Section.70(1)(g) of the 1925 Act states that the interests of persons in actual occupation of land, or in receipt of the rents or profits thereof, are overriding, unless enquiries are made of the right-holder, and the rights are not disclosed5. That is, these interests are capable of being enforced whether or not they are noted on the Register. The 1925 Act does not distinguish between interests that are capable of overriding first registration of the land, and those that override subsequent registered dispositions. As a result, it must be assumed that s.70 (1)(g) rights are enforceable, to the extent that they enforceable at all, against the first registered owner of an estate in land, as well as later owners which would be Salman in our case. If Tasnim seeks to rely on paragraph (g) she must show not only that the interest she claims is within its scope, but that she is in `actual occupation or `in receipt of rents or profits of the cottages for the purposes of that paragraph. She will lose the overriding status of his interests if she fails to disclose those interests when requested by a purchaser, but is otherwise under no obligation to make disclosure6. Where we can see in our case she has lost the status of overriding interest as she did not mentioned to Salman before he purchased the Franklins, she also had the time to tell him when he spoke to her directly before making the purchase person can lose his rights under paragraph (g) if he fails to disclose his rights when inquiries are made7. This is ruling was developed from the case of Hunt v Luck. The LRA 2002 provides that the person claiming an interest should have a right in the land. A right in the sense of a legal right and also has actual occupation8. It is already established that Tasnim has a legal right and actual occupation but however Tasnims claim could fail instantly according to LRA 2002 schedule 3 (2)(b) which states that a persons interest will not be enforceable if enquiry of that person was made before disposition and that person failed to disclose the right when he could reasonably be expected to have done so. If she had told Salman about her option to buy before he purchased the estate it would have then been enforceable as an overriding interest where she has actual occupation. In Ferrishurst v Wallcite 1998 the Court of Appeal decided that the capacity in which a person occupied land was distinct from the rights he held in that land. In that case, the tenant of an office building had an option to purchase his landlords title to the office, and also to an adjacent garage. The Court decided that the option was enforceable against the purchaser of the garage, even though the claimant had never physically occupied it. As of the ruling in Hunt v Luck and statutory implementation I feel Tasnim cannot use her overriding interest by actual occupation of the cottages to buy them as she did not make her option to buy known to Salman the new owner of the estate.

Food Of Mexico Essays - Mexican Cuisine, Latin American Cuisine

Food Of Mexico Essays - Mexican Cuisine, Latin American Cuisine Food Of Mexico The Wonderful Food of Mexico! Food is probably the most important element of Mexican culture. Much of the daily routine and tradition in Mexico revolves around the ritual of preparing and eating food. In history, women made their way to the local markets to fill their basket with vegetables, fruits, meat, and fish. Once collecting them the women would return home to begin grinding the corn and flour to make fresh tortillas for the afternoon meal. Mexican food is rich in color and flavor. The richness of their cuisine comes from their concern for the sensory experience of eating. It is often said that cuisine is culture, and to understand the development of Mexican cuisine it is important to know about the history of Mexico. In the pre-Colombian time corn was greatly used to make tortillas, tamales, or also made into flour. The diet of corn was placed with meats, vegetables, and many flavorful spices. However the countrys cuisine changed dramatically with influences brought by the Spanish. They brought rice, olives, wines, spices from India, and beef along with many others. The traditional food was combined with the spanish influence. This was the result of the blending of the two different heritages. In the 19th century, Mexican women played a important role in the home. To be a good woman in Mexico is to have extensive knowledge and great skills in the culinary arts. A testament to them, has been a demand for their wonderful dishes around the world. Mexicans are very proud of their cuisine. It gives them a sense of unity and identity everywhere in the world.

What Are Small Colleges What Are They Like Should I Go

What Are Small Colleges What Are They Like Should I Go SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Size is a really important factor to take into consideration when deciding where to apply to college. Both large and small colleges have their advantages, but it all really depends on what type of school will provide the best learning experience for you on a personal level. In this article, I’ll give you details about the types of experiences you can expect from small colleges and whether you should consider putting them first in your college search. What Is a Small College? A small college is typically defined as a college with a student enrollment of less than 5,000.Small colleges are characterized by more individual attention from professors and advisors, smaller class sizes, and a greater sense of community amongst students.However, they may also have fewer resources than large colleges and a less diverse social scene. Examples of small colleges include: Amherst CollegeDavidson CollegeHarvey Mudd CollegeSwarthmore CollegeWilliams College Here are some lists of the general pros and cons of small colleges: Pros Classes are usually taught by professors, not TAs, and you’ll get more of a hands-on learning experience. Many small colleges have great advising systems where students know their advisors well and have access to a lot of strong academic guidance. Classes are usually smaller even at the introductory level. Though some large colleges may cite similar student-teacher ratios to small colleges, this can be deceptive since they may be including TAs in their statistics or not factoring in the large introductory classes. You’ll run into people you know wherever you go, so you’re less likely to feel lonely. Often small colleges will allow you to design your own major that isn’t specifically offered by the school or modify majors to fit your needs. There’s usually a close-knit community feel, almost like you’re a part of a big nerdy family. You may find that there are more leadership opportunities in a smaller community. Cons Small colleges tend to have fewer research facilities and resources than large colleges. This mainly applies to the hard sciences where expensive, high-tech equipment is required for advanced research. In the humanities, the lack of cutting-edge facilities may not impact research as much. If you don't find the research materials you need in the library at a small college, many libraries are in partnership with a network of other college libraries that may have what you're looking for. It will just involve waiting a bit longer for things to be sent to you. The social scene can be less diverse and might feel claustrophobic. You won’t see big sporting events at the level of large colleges. There is usually less variety in housing choices.To give you sense of the contrast, NYU, a school with over 20,000 undergraduates, has 21 different residence halls that include old hotels and a converted monastery. This is a huge range of accomodations compared to the four residence halls you'll find at a place like Manhattanville College, which has less than 2,000 undergraduates. There may be fewer major choices (although you can usually design your own or modify your major without too much trouble). You might have less extracurricular opportunities, but you can always start your own club if you can’t find what you’re looking for! Those were some abstract pluses and minuses of small colleges. Next, we’ll take a look at how real students at schools with enrollments of 5,000 or less actually feel about the small college environment. Small Colleges: What Do Students Actually Think? The Fiske Guide to Colleges is a guidebook that provides information about the best colleges in the country based on statistics and student testimony.I picked out a few small colleges from the book and looked at quotes from students that gave details about different characteristics of the schools that related to their size.Here’s how students feel about the benefits and drawbacks of small colleges, based on my brief sampling: Manhattanville College- Purchase, NY Enrollment: 1,977 One student says, â€Å"I like how our president is involved in everything and gets to know everyone†.Students describe career services as â€Å"phenomenal†.They also say professors are â€Å"knowledgeable and passionate about their fields and about sharing that knowledge with students† and â€Å"it just feels like all the students belong to one big family†.However, size can be â€Å"an asset and an annoyance...the familial atmosphere can get claustrophobic at times†. Manhattanville allows students to design their own majors, and "those studying psychology, biology, or chemistry can conduct research with faculty." Pomona College- Claremont, CA Enrollment: 1,579 Pomona â€Å"prides itself on its diverse community†, so you don’t necessarily need to go to a huge school to access diversity.However, during midterms and finals campus can be a â€Å"social ghost town†.The Summer Undergraduate Research Program gives funds to students to conduct summer research mentored by a faculty member. Research opportunities still abound at small colleges, especially if they are highly regarded. Professors often hold study sessions at their houses, and73% of classes have less than 20 students.Only professors teach classes, so â€Å"students do not have to wait until they are upperclassmen to enjoy the benefits of working with and learning from brilliant professors†. Pomona also has the advantage of being part of a 5 college system called the â€Å"Claremont Colleges†, whose collective enrollment exceeds 5,000 students.This means that there’s a small college atmosphere, but through interactions with the other schools in the system it can feel more like a medium-sized school depending on who you are. Carleton College-Northfield, MN Enrollment: 2,035 Sixty-four percent of classes have less than 20 students.Students say, â€Å"Our profs are incredible. The instruction we receive is available not just in the classroom but during office hours, phone calls, Skype sessions, and many other modes of communication†.Students are â€Å"concerned about building a community feeling on campus† and â€Å"everyone is a bit nerdy and everyone is free to be whomever they want†. Carleton's on-campus social life is vibrant, and "most students stay on campus over the weekends because there is always so much happening." Many small colleges do have quite a bit going on in their social scenes, just with less variation in location and in smaller groups than at large universities. Students say that Carleton's surrounding town of Northfield is "quaint, but there's not much to do". Carleton College: Dat foliage Should YOU Go to a Small College? After taking all this information into account, you may still not be entirely sure whether you should go to a small college.A small college might or might not work for your college goals and personality, or some small colleges might work and some might not.To decide whether a small college is best for you, you’ll need to do a bit of reflection about your ideal learning environment and social scene. Do you thrive better in situations where you are given more academic guidance and direct access to teachers?Small colleges will offer you smaller class sizes on average and more opportunities to interact with professors on a personal level.You will also have access to advisors who will help you devise a plan for your academic career.Resources like these are helpful for students who are less sure of their path in college and may need extra guidance. What are your academic goals?If you’re looking into doing some sort of research, you should check and make sure small colleges have the resources you’ll need.As mentioned above, sometimes small colleges are lacking in the same advanced research facilities you’ll find at large schools. However, they usually offer many opportunities to work closely with professors. If you’re one for blazing your own trail major-wise, a small college may be a great option for you because you will most likely be able to design your own major rather than adhering to program constraints.There’s usually less bureaucratic red tape involved in switching majors and classes at small colleges than at large colleges because advisors and professors can afford to give more specialized attention to the needs of individual students.If everyone in the process knows you and you’re not just handing in paperwork to be processed, things don’t need to be as rigidly organized. Do you prefer familiar situations and interactions over new, unfamiliar ones?The social transition from high school to college can be smoother if you attend a small college.Even if you just make a couple of friends initially, you’re likely to see them around frequently. You'll be able to make strong social connections with other students more easily since almost everyone has some activity, class, or living situation in common at a small college.If you’re more of an introverted type who’s not going to college for the big parties, then the small college social scene may appeal to you as well (not that small colleges don’t have parties, they’re just a little less on the crazy side than big colleges!). Searching for Small Colleges So you’ve decided you’re interested in small colleges - how do you find one that you’ll like?I would recommend using College Navigator initially because you can easily search for schools by size (choose a maximum enrollment of 5,000 if you’re looking for small schools) as well as other characteristics like surrounding area and admissions rate.Just click on â€Å"more search options† at the bottom of the search panel to get access to the undergraduate student enrollment search feature. Your results will give you a list of schools you might be interested in, and f you click on any of them, you’ll get extensive data about all aspects of the school. You can also add schools to your â€Å"favorites† and compare the statistics side by side to see if one fits better with your tuition or admissions requirements.After this initial search, you should try out some other college search sites to get more details about campus life and other factors that might affect your college experience. I’d recommend signing up for a profile on Cappex. If you fill out information for all of your preferences, including student enrollment, it will find appropriate college matches for you.You can also search outright for any colleges that you found on College Navigator that looked interesting to you.You’ll find a lot more data on Cappex about life at the schools including student reviews and other information about the area and the social scene.Every school is different, so make sure size is just a starting point and not a deciding factor. Summary Small colleges are usually defined by a strong sense of community, individual academic attention, and flexible, hands-on learning experiences.Students at small colleges tend to take a lot of pride in their schools and cherish the comfortable, familiar atmosphere.You may consider attending a small college if strong relationships with your teachers and classmates are important to you and you feel you will benefit from more individually tailored academic guidance.If you prefer a more toned-down social scene and like being able to see the same small group of friends more frequently, the small college life will also probably appeal to you. That being said, be sure to treat each college individually and not judge it just by its enrollment size.Small colleges might appeal to you in a general sense, but that doesn’t mean you can choose just any small college and be happy.Devote some time to figuring out your wants and needs in tandem with your research so you can find your ideal school. What's Next? Still struggling with how to go about choosing a college that's right for you? Read my step-by-step guide on how to choose the best schools for your personality and academic goals. Planning on applying to a bunch of different schools with a variety of application requirements? Learn how to build the most versatile college application. If you're worried about how your standardized test scores may affect your chances of college admission, read about when these scores might not matter for you in the admissions process. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

People, Place and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

People, Place and Environment - Essay Example Heavy Industrialization, increased, automobile use, increased usages of fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides in agricultural lands, dumping of toxic substances like e-wastages, deforestation etc are polluting, our environment in many ways. In fact people contribute heavily to the global warming and climate changes problems. If we continue to pollute our environment and places in the same rate as we do now, all life forms in this world could be destroyed in near future itself. This paper analyses the connection between people, place and the environment and the ways in which people are destroying the environment. â€Å"The issue of global climate change and what to do about it has put economics to a severe test in which economists have been challenged to think afresh about how to model such fundamental notions as risk, uncertainty, and discounting†(Weitzman, p.703). It is difficult for us to avoid the growth of agriculture or industries in order to preserve the environment. At the same time it is possible for us to reduce the environmental problems caused by our own injudicious activities. For example, plastic is one of the major villains which cause huge problems to the environment. It should be noted that unlike many of the other materials, plastic may not be destroyable after use. In other words, plastic has the ability to survive the natural biodegradation process. Thus accumulation of plastic may takes place in the environment because of its ability to survive for longer periods. People have the habit of using plastic carry bags while they purchase something from shopping malls.

Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capstone - Essay Example Special academic programs serve the purpose of arming nurses with tailor made skills meant to enhance workplace related competence. Upon acquiring the required theoretical knowledge, nursing students may demonstrate their ability to articulate the acquired skills in duties within actual healthcare facility settings. At this juncture, I will examine my professional and intellectual growth upon completion of the nursing program. A nurse is free to choose any project as long as it addresses practical, real world challenges using the knowledge and skills gained while pursuing their graduate program. A capstone project entails a paper and presentation which uses the nurse’s experience to address a particular challenge identified in a proposal. A capstone program aims to evaluate nurse’s ability to identify a problem, formulate a relevant research question, use correct methods to tackle the research question and identify how their knowledge relates to current scholars and stu dies. The nurse should also be able to demonstrate the ability to organize information, interpret significance, write a good prose and use evidence and example to develop his study. Capstone portfolio is a benchmark assessment for the program and provides an opportunity for assessment by multiple parties. It help an individual assess himself as a nurse and long time learner and professional (Huba and Freed, 2000) because after graduation, the individual is involved in a process of continuous reflecting, self-assessment and self-guided scholarly and professional growth. When information from your capstone portfolio is used, it provides a forum for assessment by employers or other people from whom the individual seeks specific opportunities. Assessment plan for capstone portfolio is comprehensive as there is minimum requirement (average grade point) to qualify for the program and other qualifications an individual is supposed to meet like the need to provide finger prints, check of cr iminal records and computer competency. Then in the course of the program there is constant assessment by instructor on the courses undertaken and grades earned in return. In other cases a nurse is expected to pass a certain specified course before they can be allowed to undertake another course. This could also apply in courses where one needs to pass in the theoretical classes before they can be allowed into the field for practical work or internship. Classroom experience provides a basic framework before you are allowed into the field which is used as a forum to assess how good one has gripped the concepts that were taught. Upon completion of the program, I have acknowledged importance of acquiring informed consent from clients during clinical and social care procedures. Professional conduct of nursing involves explicitly defined guidelines concerning ethical practices. In addition, the program emphasizes the importance of nursing professional conduct towards the cultural require ments in a nurse-client relationship. In my practical encounter with geriatrics patients, I have learned that clients may refuse to undertake certain clinical procedures, even if those procedures are beneficial to their wellbeing. Throughout the course, I appreciate the fact that clients have a right to decline treatment. As a nurse, I will only be able to administer clinical procedures after acquiring voluntary and informed consent from a patient. According to Heartfield and Andre (2011), this relates to

The Branding Luxury Brand Valentino Marketing Essay

The Branding Luxury Brand Valentino Marketing Essay A luxury brand or prestige brand is a brand for which a majority of its products are luxury goods. It may also include certain brands whose names are associated with luxury, high price, or high quality, though few, if any, of their goods are currently considered luxury goods. Luxury goods are said to have high income elasticity of demand: as people become wealthier, they will buy more and more of the luxury good. This also means, however, that should there be a decline in income its demand will drop. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income, and may change sign at different levels of income. That is to say, a luxury good may become a normal good or even an inferior good at different income levels, e.g. a wealthy person stops buying increasing numbers of luxury cars for his automobile collection to start collecting airplanes (at such an income level, the luxury car would become an inferior good). Valentino: haute contour dressing: The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A is a natural extension of the Marzotto Groups industrial experience. Over the years, through specific acquisitions aimed to strengthen their presence in the clothing sector, it has gradually shifted approaches, becoming less production-oriented and more fashion-driven and market-oriented. The fashion industry is a highly competitive industry, where product life cycles are short. The economies gained by product differentiation are built on brand image and product styling can be quickly imitated. These developments force firms to innovate at a rapid pace, denying them the benefit of lasting advantage. Valentino includes the following brands: Valentino, Valentino Garavani, Valentino Roma e RED Valentino. It operates in the upper end of the fashion and luxury market, offering exclusive products in the couture, ready-to-wear, designer, diffusion and bridge segments. Nature of the Brand: This business unit gets its name from Valentino Garavani, the undisputed master of haute couture and one of the leading representatives of Italian style and creativity in the world of fashion and luxury. In over 45 years of being in business, his collections have dressed and accessorised top international celebrities time and time again. Its image of glamour, exclusivity and strong style make Valentino a brand well known for the sophistication and elegance of its creations. Valentino Haute Couture offers a variety of collections made up of unique items singularly handcrafted in the prestigious atelier situated in Rome. A team of about 40 Premiere is entirely dedicated to the highest quality manufacturing of one of a kind precious creation. Valentino Prà ªt-à  -Porter presents sophisticated, exclusive lines for women and men intended for an elegant, but unconventional young clientele belonging to the new international jet-set. Valentino surprised everyone with a revamped vision of haute couture a reference to a new, younger target market who loves the exquisiteness and exclusiveness of the upper end of fashion. The collection is colourful, with saturated neon tones. Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli bring us the wilder side of the Valentino woman. With fluorescent bustier, translucent garments and tulle leggings, this is a truly revamped collection that experiments with new silhouettes. The designers are sure about one thing: this collection is designed for a younger audience. The brand took inspiration from a lush, colourful interpretation of Eden full of birds, innocence and sensuality. Target Market: Valentino have made their Spring Summer 2010 campaign a tribute to their revamped target market. Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli are thinking of a new generation of clients, and theyve revamped their target market in collaboration with Cole Mohr and Dree Hemingway. Their party dresses look more youthful, and their unique fairies have inspired new designs featuring organza in gold, pink and nude tones. Brand Positioning: The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A plays a vital role in the world of fashion and luxury, with a rich and well-diversified portfolio of products which includes clothing, accessories, and footwear for men and women. In the highly discriminating world of fashion and luxury, few players have gained the international fame the Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A has achieved. The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A offers an array of complementary brands characterised by a consolidated global presence, excellent brand awareness, and strong product recognition. The groups activities are broken down into two business units, covering the entire luxury and fashion sector where a wide range of styles and products are offered: Valentino, featuring the prestigious brands Valentino, Valentino Garavani, Valentino Roma and RED Valentino Licensed brands MCS Marlboro Classics and M Missoni, in addition to its own brands Lebole, Oxon and Portrait. Until 23 December 2009 there were three business units, which even included Hugo Boss, a company which was relinquished on that date and therefore no longer a part of the consolidated group. The Valentino Fashion Group S.p.A operates in over 110 countries, with more than 1,600 single-brand boutiques and 433 directly-managed shops. The Groups consolidated revenue for the 2008 financial year is approximately 2.206,9 million. More than 13.081 employees work in directly controlled companies and branches spread across 28 countries. Its no secret that Valentino has been sending the costume department of Gossip Girl clothes and accessories almost every main female character on the show, save maybe Vanessa and Lily van der Woodsen, have sported Valentino bags, dresses, and even headbands more than once.   One recent episode even revolves around Jenny and a fiasco involving a one-of-a-kind red Valentino gown.   At first, I thought product placement there was too much of the brand for it not to be a coincidence.   But is the Gossip Girl market really Valentinos target market?   Apparently it is now: the brand is going for rapid expansion and one if their main checkpoint is To attract a younger, trendier consumer while not losing the brands current clientele.   And there you have it, product placement at work. C:UsersmansiPicturesVFG_organigramma_201002_eng.jpg Brand Promise: Todays fashion world is a framework, which enhances values such as style and research, creativity and innovation, technology and craftsmanship. Its distinctive feature is the skill to merge many spirits into a harmonious balance. The real protagonists in this global scene are those who offer proposals charged with irresistible value and designed to integrate an extensive variety of products and trademarks by converging the offers quality and variety and consumer satisfaction. The goal is: To be the fashion worlds protagonists in the fashion and luxury sectors. Ensuring the highest quality standards in all market segments we serve. Steadily focusing on the demands of an unwaveringly evolving cosmopolite consumer. Pursue excellence and innovation by establishing an on-going dialogue between passion and experience. Brand Essence: Increasing the value of human resources, work in team and development of individual skills are the key for the VFG success. People that we are looking for should be active and determined, with spirit of enterprise and innovative capacity; they put themselves on the line and give all their best in everything they do. Creativity and quality the central factors of creative processes detailed research and skilled choice of materials; total control of all processing phases Differentiation and selection multiple styles; an extensive diversified offer Flexibility and efficiency excellent production processes and logistics; sourcing management designed to ensure the highest product quality Continuity and innovation enhancement of each brands distinctive features; application of advanced techniques to the management of global brands; consistent strategic choices for global development Ethics integrity, fairness and transparency in business relations with all stakeholders; total compliance with international laws and regulations concerning labour protection The consumers central role never failing to keep in mind that we concretise our Consumers dreams. Research and Evidence: Article # 1435: VALENTINO FASHION GROUP 2008 RESULTS: TURNOVER UP 5% AT CONSTANT EXCHANGE RATES AND EBITDA STABLE Milan, April 17th 2009 Valentino Fashion Groups consolidated net turnover in 2008 rose to 2.206,9 million Euro, an increase of 3% at current exchange rates and 5% at constant exchange rates, compared to 2007. This result reflects the positive performance of Hugo Boss (turnover up 6% at constant exchange rates), of Valentino (turnover up 5% at constant exchange rates) and of the other brands belonging to the Group (turnover up 5% at constant exchange rates, with the M Missoni licensed brand posting an increase of 27%). Hugo Boss. Despite very difficult market conditions, Hugo Boss strengthened its market leading position internationally. Hugo Boss broadly flat revenues in a subdued German market were counterbalanced by sales increase in other markets. Sales in Germany were 357 million Euro (down 1%), while sales in the Americas and in Asia enjoyed double digit increases: in 2008 sales in the Americas increased to 307 million Euro (+10% at constant exchange rates) while in Asia/Pacific sales rose to 162 million Euro (+25% at constant exchange rates). Valentino. The considerable growth of Valentino in the first half of the year was offset by the negative performance of the retail business in the second half of the year, following the gradual worsening of the international macroeconomic environment. Valentinos core markets, Europe and the US, both suffered, posting respective turnovers of 130 million Euro (-1%) and 50 million Euro (-5% at constant exchange rates). By contrast, the Asian markets held up well as sales increased to 56 million Euro (+19% at constant exchange rates). Revenues at Valentino Fashion Groups direct operated stores channel increased to 390 million Euro, up 7% compared to 2007. This increase reflects the expansion of the retail network, which amounted to 433 points of sale at the end of 2008 (December 2007: 369). Valentino Fashion Group EBITDA, adjusted for one-off costs relating to management changes at the Board of Hugo Boss and the reorganization of the Group, reached 320,4 million Euro (14,5% on revenues), broadly stable compared to the prior year (330,3 million Euro), with an Operating Income of 248,3 million Euro (11,3% on revenues), a decrease of 7% compared to 2007. Stefano Sassy, CEO of Valentino Fashion Group, commented: The group posted solid turnover growth and succeeded in maintaining its profitability despite challenging market conditions in 2008. The outlook for 2009 remains difficult and the Group acted quickly to optimize processes and save costs where necessary. Notwithstanding the uncertainty of the current environment, we are confident that the breadth and strength of our brands leaves us well positioned to deliver on our ambitious growth objectives in the medium term. February 17 2010 Valentino supports Francesca Rava N.P.H. Italia Onlus Foundation for Haiti children Milan, 17th February 2010 During Milan and Paris fashion weeks, the House of Valentino will support an initiative of great significance and value to benefit Haiti children. In collaboration with Francesca Rava N.P.H Italia Onlus Foundation (www.nphitalia.org), forever engaged in continuous charitable activity throughout Haiti, Valentino boutiques of Via Montenapoleone and Avenue Montaigne will host an exclusive evening starting from 6:30 pm: Milan on 24th February and Paris on 10th March. Valentino Creative Directors Maria Grazia Chiuri and Pier Paolo Piccioli, profoundly involved in this important project, will personally take part to both events to present an exclusive t-shirt expressly created by them to support the initiative. This significant item will be available in both boutiques throughout Milan and Paris fashion weeks respectively. All t-shirt profits will be entirely donated to Francesca Rava Foundation, which during the Paris event will collaborate with N.P.H. France, to support focused rehabilitation and medical-surgical programs. Day to day beneficial mission involves working towards providing a physically and emotionally new alternative life to all children affected by Haiti earthquake. This special t-shirt will also be available on valentino.com website starting from March 15th. All proceeds will once again be devolved to sustain this significant charitable project. During Milan and Paris fashion weeks, the House of Valentino will continue to actively support the same initiative by devolving part of Montenapoleone and Montaigne boutique in store sales. In collaboration with photographer Stefano Guindani, the book HAITI through the eye of stefano guindani will be available for purchase in Valentino Milan and Paris boutiques. This unique volume, published by Electa, is the pure result of an extensive and in depth photo reportage from Stefano Guindani. Entirely dedicated to Haiti children and withholding images featuring voyages performed prior to the tragic earthquake, this book has recently highlighted many endless dramatic events linked to a country devastated by poverty and civil battles. All book profits will be entirely donated to Francesca Rava N.P.H Italia Onlus Foundation. The House of Valentino dedicates total commitment towards this important philanthropic operation, triggering awareness around the internationally proclaimed immense emergency for Haiti children.

Aquinas Epistemology and God Essay

Introduction:The scientific developments of the renaissance were powerful and they stimulate new ways of thought that one can be tempted to disregard any role medieval thinking plays in the general development of both renaissance and post renaissance philosophy up till today. It would be a mistake to take it that Descartes, Locke achieved a total radical break from the past and inaugurated a completely new philosophical era. One cannot understand scholars like Descartes or Locke without having some real knowledge of medieval thinking. Thus, in this essay, I wish to show that Aquinas, a thinker of the middle ages, thought on knowledge is of permanent value and that it deserves respect and due consideration for today’s discourse of philosophy. Aquinas Theory on Knowledge: His philosophy is based on the premise that knowledge and being are correlates. â€Å"In so far a thing is, it is knowable and in this resides its ontological truth. † Thus, the Thomistic theory of knowledge is a realist theory. It plays an integral part in his metaphysics and philosophy of being. Aquinas is not interested in the problem of objective as we have it in modern thinking and today rather, he is much more interested in how we acquire our knowledge and put them to use. Simply put, he investigates the process of knowledge. He identified three levels of acquiring knowledge namely: sense-experience, imaginations or ideations and intellection. Aquinas thus made an important contribution to epistemology, recognising the central part played by sense perception in human cognition. It is through the senses that we first become acquainted with existent, material things. Sense experience is contact with material things through the senses which supplies materials for the formation of ideas in imagination upon which understanding climbs to contemplate. It is thus a misconception to suppose that the fundamental role of sense perception was a discovery of the classical British empiricist. It is a synthesis of Aquinas’ Aristotelian view of knowledge. As a matter of fact, Aquinas laid more stress on sense perception as the first and unique source of knowledge than the British empiricist because he identified sense perception as the initial source of knowledge than reflection and introspection. â€Å"For a man perceives that he has a soul, and lives and exists by the fact that he perceives by the senses†. This source of knowledge for Aquinas is responsible for his five ways that he uses to prove God’s existence from the material world. He did not accept Anselm’s ontological proof because, he argues that self evident truths, such as God’s existence in which its attributes belong necessarily to the subject , may not be fruits of experience but experience makes man to be conscious of them. That is another reason where he differs from radical British empiricist. He argues based on his arguments for God that â€Å"in as far as God is manifested in and through the beings of the sensible world, as the necessary source,†¦ the embodied human intellect is capable of proceeding beyond sense to know the source of a non-dependent, non-conditioned absolute being called God. † He sees the intellect as capable of penetrating through the unanalysed superficiality of sensation. Agreeing with Aristotle, he admits that knowledge is obtained through two stages of operation, sensitive and intellective, which are intimately related to one another. The intellect does attain ideas from the material that is presented to it by the senses to extend beyond the world of the senses. The two cognitive faculties, the sense and intellect, are naturally capable of acquiring knowledge proper to them. Thus, for Aquinas, it is man’s initiative to know through his makeup although such make up is sustained by God. This sustenance by God makes him to make the proper distinction between faith and reason as sources of knowledge. Truths of faith are revealed truth such as trinity and truths of the scripture. But truths of reason must be perceived and abstracted upon. St. Thomas insistently repeats â€Å"reason gathers truth on the ground of intrinsic evidence, while faith accepts truths based on the authority of the word of God. Therefore, there are two types of wisdom namely philosophical –highest activity of man’s intellect and theological- super science or revealed truth. This distinction is essential to today’s view or tension between science and religion. According to Paul Tillich, â€Å"neither scientific nor historical truth can affirm or negate the truth of faith. The truth of faith can not negate nor affirm scientific or historical truth too†. This is because, their objects are different. Truths of faith are revealed and not available to the senses while that of science is purely experiential based. Thus, they do not contradict each other. Nonetheless, both faith and reason can assist each other. According to Aquinas, faith can act as organ which helps reason to reach its final direction, the supreme truth which is God, â€Å"because God is in the highest degree of immateriality, he occupies the highest place in knowledge†. This led him to explain the value of knowledge and its truth, which is the ultimate goal of the intellect in perceiving and abstracting ideas. He noted that the intellect through a vigilant control of the senses can guarantee the formation of the sense representations. The intellect acquires truth when it gives value to the representations and ideas it forms in phantasm. â€Å"For Aquinas all the data of sense knowledge and all intelligible things are essentially true. † Truth consists in the equality of the intellect with its object, and such concordance is always found, both in sensitive cognition and in the idea. Error may exist in the judgment, since it can happen that a predicate may be attributed to a subject to which it does not really belong. Besides the faculty of judgment, Aquinas also admits the faculty of discursive reasoning, which consists in the derivation of the knowledge of particulars from the universal. Deductive, syllogistic demonstration must be carried out according to the logical relationships which exist between two judgments. In this process consists the science which the human intellect can construct by itself, without recourse either to innate ideas or to any particular illumination. This error free judgment for Aquinas, is proper to the being which is the supreme fundamental and greatest perfection permeating all things and giving them consistency and reality. Thus, each thing exists in its participation in Being. The true representation is received when the intellect gathers the Being of beings. Meanwhile, some truth can be received although not perfect, when the data is abstracted by the intellect. The dilemma of knowledge search today is explained by Thomistic epistemology recourse to revealed truth. Thomas claimed that human reason is naturally led to knowledge – from sense experience through phantasm to intellection- to knowing truth and know all truths, whether it is the material world, spiritual world, speculative, practical, political, moral or educational truth etc. But it meets with difficulties which include passions, sentiments, complexity of objects etc. This obstacle is more serious in terms of religious or moral truths because of their abstract nature. Nonetheless, reason has the ability to reach higher grounds to know God – the supreme truth- his attributes, existence but these obstacles are removed by God’s assistance or intervention to furnish human reason with a clearer manifestation of his being. The ultimate threshold of knowledge alone can give light to the mind to reach him. Thus, he introduces faith in his epistemology though at the end. The ordinary organ of knowledge is reason enabled through immediate evidence of experience but faith comes in when there are obstacles to assist reason to reach quickly as possible its final threshold, supreme truth. â€Å"Faith will tell us Christ is present when our human senses fail†. Conclusion: The limitation Aquinas placed on reason due to obstacles in which it needs to be helped by God makes the whole idea of his epistemology a movement to faith. It seems to many that Aquinas argues to God and not for truth in its own sake. Hegel for instance argues that he treated philosophy according to the categories of theology. Bertrand Russell. A Thomism which limits itself to the consideration of material substance as the start of all knowledge proves itself inadequate in age where everything seems beyond our sensual grasp. Again, Thomism didn’t relinquish heritage of truth for the sake of new sides but a one way drive of reason Nonetheless, Aquinas’ epistemology is vital for us because it has consequences for philosophy generally especially in relation to theology. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Aquinas copplestton [ 4 ]. Aquinas copleston [ 6 ]. Age of belif p 150 [ 7 ]. Baptissta mondin p. 306 [ 8 ]. Yeager Hudson p. 12 [ 9 ]. P. 73 yeager hudson [ 11 ]. Benediction hymn composed by Aquinas for the feast of corpus Christi {cf. [ 12 ]. Marin j. walsh.